Question 1
Can a person reach a capable service in time?
National priority 02 · Health & Nutrition
Health & Nutrition
Prevention, accessible care and nutrition across every stage of life, informed by local needs.
Care that people can reach and use.
Study prevention, nutrition, primary care and the complete patient journey. A facility needs appropriate staff, medicines, diagnostics, referrals and follow-up. Review access, cost and quality without exposing personal medical information.
Question 2
Do referral, medicine and diagnostic handovers work in practice?
Question 3
What do care, travel and lost time cost the household?
Data reference table
Evidence Snapshot
Read each value with its reporting period, population and limitations. A historical national reference is not a local baseline or proof that an IFT proposal works.
19 source-linked reference records. Publication checks do not independently reproduce the underlying data.
| Signal | Reference Value | Period / Population | How to Read It | Source Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood donations reported worldwide | About 120.4 million donations Historical reference | 2023 for 153 countries, with 2020 data for 2 and 2018 data for 13 countries Global; 168 WHO-reporting countries, covering 97% of world population | A global supply-system reference, not a figure for India or a local emergency reserve. Limitations: Mixed reporting vintages are disclosed in Period/Population. Donations are not unique donors, available compatible units, stock quality or timely delivery to a patient. | World Health Organization International organisation fact sheet Blood safety and availability — fact sheet Published: 2026-06-12 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Reporting countries with a national blood policy | 133 of 168 countries; 79% Historical reference | 2023 for 153 countries, with 2020 data for 2 and 2018 data for 13 countries Global; 168 WHO-reporting countries, covering 97% of world population | A WHO reference for the presence of national blood-policy arrangements. Limitations: A policy count does not measure implementation, safety compliance or the adequacy of local blood supply. The source reports this under 2023 and uses historical fallback data in its global compilation. | World Health Organization International organisation fact sheet Blood safety and availability — fact sheet Published: 2026-06-12 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Stunting among children under five | 35.5% Historical reference | NFHS-5, 2019–21 India; children under age five | Low height for age is a child-growth indicator; it is not a count of children enrolled in a nutrition programme. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. | Ministry of Finance, Government of India; underlying NFHS data: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Official government release Economic Survey 2022–23: health indicator table Published: 2023-01-31 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Wasting among children under five | 19.3% Historical reference | NFHS-5, 2019–21 India; children under age five | Low weight for height measures a different growth condition from stunting; the percentages must not be added. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. | Ministry of Finance, Government of India; underlying NFHS data: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Official government release Economic Survey 2022–23: health indicator table Published: 2023-01-31 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Underweight among children under five | 32.1% Historical reference | NFHS-5, 2019–21 India; children under age five | Low weight for age is distinct from low height for age and low weight for height. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. | Ministry of Finance, Government of India; underlying NFHS data: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Official government release Economic Survey 2022–23: health indicator table Published: 2023-01-31 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Full vaccination at age 12–23 months | 76.4% Historical reference | NFHS-5, 2019–21 India; children aged 12–23 months; vaccination card or mother’s recall | Coverage follows the NFHS definition of the specified childhood vaccine series, not all vaccines at all ages. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. Card availability and recall can affect ascertainment. | Ministry of Finance, Government of India; underlying NFHS data: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Official government release Economic Survey 2022–23: health indicator table Published: 2023-01-31 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Exclusive breastfeeding under six months | 63.7% Historical reference | NFHS-5, 2019–21 India; children under age six months | This is the survey feeding-practice indicator for eligible infants, not a measure of maternity-leave coverage or an individual care instruction. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. Feeding recall and the survey definition must be retained. | Ministry of Finance, Government of India; underlying NFHS data: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Official government release Economic Survey 2022–23: health indicator table Published: 2023-01-31 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Mothers with at least four antenatal visits | 58.1% Reported value — scope clarification required | NFHS-5, 2019–21 Mothers covered by the cited NFHS-5 antenatal-care indicator; precise age, last-live-birth and lookback eligibility require confirmation. | This measures four-or-more visits. It cannot establish completion of eight contacts, the quality of each contact or effective referral. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. Visit counts do not verify all recommended services. The reported percentage is not labelled here as coverage of all pregnancies; denominator details still require verification. | Ministry of Finance, Government of India; underlying NFHS data: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Official government release Economic Survey 2022–23: health indicator table Published: 2023-01-31 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Period / coverage needs clarification |
| Institutional births | 88.6% Reported value — scope clarification required | NFHS-5, 2019–21 Births covered by the cited NFHS-5 indicator; the exact eligible birth-history lookback needs confirmation. | Birth in a facility is an access indicator; it does not by itself establish respectful, timely or safe care. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. This is not a facility-readiness or maternal-outcome rate. Do not interpret survey fieldwork years as the birth-history denominator. | Ministry of Finance, Government of India; underlying NFHS data: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Official government release Economic Survey 2022–23: health indicator table Published: 2023-01-31 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Period / coverage needs clarification |
| Households with a usual member covered by a health insurance or financing scheme | 41.0% Historical reference | NFHS-5, 2019–21 India; households with at least one usual member covered | Household coverage of any member is not the share of all people fully protected from care costs. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. Reported coverage does not prove that a benefit was usable or that all costs were paid. | Ministry of Finance, Government of India; underlying NFHS data: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Official government release Economic Survey 2022–23: health indicator table Published: 2023-01-31 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Anaemia among women aged 15–49 | 57.0% Historical reference | NFHS-5, 2019–21 India; women aged 15–49 | Haemoglobin-based survey classification; it should be read with the age and pregnancy categories used in NFHS. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. The result is not an individual diagnosis or proof of a single nutritional cause. | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Official government release Anaemia Mukt Bharat: NFHS-5 prevalence by population group Published: 2022-02-04 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Anaemia among pregnant women aged 15–49 | 52.2% Historical reference | NFHS-5, 2019–21 India; pregnant women aged 15–49 | A pregnancy-specific survey prevalence reference for nutrition and antenatal-system research. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. Sample size, pregnancy-specific classification and testing method matter; no treatment dose follows from this table. | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Official government release Anaemia Mukt Bharat: NFHS-5 prevalence by population group Published: 2022-02-04 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Anaemia among children aged 6–59 months | 67.1% Historical reference | NFHS-5, 2019–21 India; children aged 6–59 months | The age interval excludes younger infants. Compare only with the same age group and testing definition. Limitations: Historical household-survey estimate. Sampling, non-response and measurement limitations apply; the India figure cannot be assigned to a district or an individual. Anaemia is not interchangeable with stunting, wasting or iron deficiency alone. | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Official government release Anaemia Mukt Bharat: NFHS-5 prevalence by population group Published: 2022-02-04 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Maternal mortality ratio | 88 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births Historical reference | SRS, 2021–23 India; maternal mortality estimate relative to live births | A three-year sample-registration ratio; it is not a raw death count or a district emergency-response measure. Limitations: Official SRS estimate reproduced in a government reply. National aggregation and sampling uncertainty apply; no individual risk or local causal conclusion follows. | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, citing Registrar General of India SRS Official government release Steps taken for Reducing Maternal Mortality Published: 2026-03-13 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Infant mortality rate | 27 deaths per 1,000 live births Historical reference | SRS, 2021 India; deaths before age one relative to live births | A sample-registration mortality estimate. Read separately from NFHS retrospective mortality estimates. Limitations: Historical national estimate; it does not establish a current facility or district rate. No confidence interval is supplied in the linked release. | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, citing Registrar General of India SRS Official government release Maternal and child mortality indicators: SRS 2021 release Published: 2025-05-10 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Neonatal mortality rate | 19 deaths per 1,000 live births Historical reference | SRS, 2021 India; neonatal deaths relative to live births | This concerns the neonatal period, not the full first year or all under-five deaths. Limitations: Historical SRS estimate; do not add it to infant mortality, which already includes neonatal deaths. It is not a local facility measure. | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, citing Registrar General of India SRS Official government release Maternal and child mortality indicators: SRS 2021 release Published: 2025-05-10 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Under-five mortality rate | 31 deaths per 1,000 live births Historical reference | SRS, 2021 India; mortality before age five relative to live births | A child-survival reference distinct from nutrition prevalence and programme enrolment. Limitations: Historical national SRS estimate, not the current death count. Mortality measures with different age endpoints overlap and must not be added. | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, citing Registrar General of India SRS Official government release Maternal and child mortality indicators: SRS 2021 release Published: 2025-05-10 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Out-of-pocket spending share of total health expenditure | 39.4% Historical reference | Financial year 2021–22 India; national health-account expenditure flows | The denominator is total health expenditure. This is not the proportion of households experiencing catastrophic spending. Limitations: Official health-account estimate using SHA 2011. It is a spending share, not a measure of benefit usability, household financial distress or district equality. | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Official government release National Health Accounts Estimates for India 2020–21 and 2021–22: release Published: 2024-09-25 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
| Government share of total health expenditure | 48.0% Historical reference | Financial year 2021–22 India; government expenditure as a share of total health expenditure | A financing-mix indicator. It does not show how well each service was delivered or whether a particular hospital had supplies. Limitations: Official health-account estimate; fiscal-year and denominator differ from household surveys. Not a causal evaluation of a programme. | Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Official government release National Health Accounts Estimates for India 2020–21 and 2021–22: release Published: 2024-09-25 Publication checked: 2026-11-04 Value, period and coverage checked in publication |
Different surveys, administrative records, estimates and reporting years are not interchangeable. No combined IFT score is calculated from these rows.
Evidence coverage and review log (CSV) · Structured evidence register (JSON)
Every available subject in this pillar
All 45 topics, organised here.
Read the topic names below and open the subject directly. The groupings are for navigation; each original topic remains separate.
Resources, resilience & long-term planning (1)
Technology, delivery & infrastructure (9)
Core subjects & practical pathways (30)
Government Hospital Better-Solution Engine ›Hospital Cleanliness & Infection Control ›Disability & Rehabilitation ›District Health Security Plan ›Elderly & Long-term Care ›Emergency & Trauma Care ›Environment & Health ›Fitness, Sports & Healthy Lifestyle ›Genomics & Precision Health ›Government Hospital Transformation ›Health Governance ›Health Implementation Roadmap ›Healthcare Employment Mission ›Healthy India Master Model ›Immunisation & Infectious Disease Control ›Master Health KPIs ›Maternal, Newborn & Child Health ›Medical Research & Innovation ›Medical & Hospital Waste Management ›Mental Health & Social Well-being ›Nutrition & Food Health ›Occupational Health ›Oral, Eye & Hearing Health ›Patient Journey Transformation ›Health Connections Across India For Tomorrow ›Preventive Healthcare ›Realistic Health Transformation Timeline ›Smart Bed Management ›Universal Primary Healthcare ›Women’s Health ›
Evidence, measurement & accountability (4)
People, access & capability (1)
IFT working ideas · Proposals for research
Practical ideas to investigate.
These are questions and proposals to develop, not completed programmes or established results.
Referral handover confirmation
Test a referral record that checks receiving capability before a patient is directed onward.
What must be checked
Review delays and failed handovers without exposing patient identity.
Medicine availability review
Compare prescribed needs with actual usable stocks, expiry and replenishment at a local facility.
What must be checked
Track interruptions and corrective action, not warehouse totals alone.
Community nutrition continuity
Link local nutrition support with appropriate qualified services across relevant life stages.
What must be checked
Use consented, suitable assessments and professional review; no personal diagnosis is offered here.
Connected priorities.
10 questions and answers
Questions about Health & Nutrition
What does a complete healthcare journey include?
Study prevention, nutrition, primary care, appropriate tests, medicines, referral and follow-up together. A facility count alone does not show whether people complete needed care.
How should primary care and hospitals connect?
Review what each service can provide, when a referral is needed and whether responsibility is accepted at the next facility. Include information and follow-up handovers.
What is proposed for blood and critical medical supplies?
Study demand, available stock, compatibility checks, storage, reserve arrangements and delivery coordination. Qualified services remain responsible for clinical and patient-specific decisions.
How should equipment readiness be checked?
Check whether equipment is functional, maintained and supported by trained staff and necessary supplies. An installation record alone does not establish usable capacity.
Why examine diagnostic handovers?
A completed test is useful only if the result reaches the appropriate professional and supports the next care step. Study delays, responsibility and safe record handling.
What costs should an affordability review include?
Follow tests, medicines, travel, lost work and follow-up costs across one pathway. Check whether assistance is actually usable rather than assuming nominal coverage removes all costs.
How should nutrition be studied within the health system?
Connect food access, life stage, service delivery and appropriate professional care. Avoid turning a public-system proposal into an individual diet or treatment prescription.
What patient information belongs in public evidence?
Use the least identifying information needed to explain a system problem. Keep personal medical records, precise sensitive locations and identities outside public reporting.
Can this website diagnose an illness or arrange emergency treatment?
No. It explains system proposals and evidence questions. Individual examination, diagnosis, treatment and emergency response require appropriate qualified local services.
How would a proposed health improvement be judged?
Compare actual access, care completion, safety, household cost, equity and continuing service capacity. Report harm and uncertainty as well as improvements.